PESTS AND DISEASES
Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is one of the most destructive tree diseases worldwide, responsible for the loss of millions of elm trees across Europe and North America.
Caused by the fungal pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, DED has profoundly impacted urban and rural landscapes since the early 20th century. This overview covers its history, causes, symptoms, and strategies for prevention and management.
Dutch Elm Disease
Ash dieback disease
Ash Dieback (also known as Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) is a serious fungal disease affecting ash trees across Europe and beyond. It has caused widespread decline and death of ash populations, threatening both urban and woodland ecosystems. This overview provides an understanding of the disease’s history, causes, symptoms, and management strategies.
Ash dieback disease
Fruit tree diseases can develop gradually and often go unnoticed until visible damage appears on the fruit, leaves, or branches. In apple trees, fungal infections are among the most common issues, particularly during wet and humid conditions where moisture allows spores to spread rapidly throughout the canopy.
